سال ۱۳۷۶ وقتی برای نخستین بار در کلاس در اقتصاد خرد حاضر شدم برداشتم این شد که علم اقتصاد تفاوت چندانی با شیمی و فیزیک ندارد، که بعدها فهمیدم اولی جزء علوم اجتماعی است و دومیها جزء علوم طبیعیاند. این درحالی بود که تصور میکردم همانطور که زیستشناسی با فزیک تفاوت دارد موضوع علم اقتصاد نیز باید متفاوت از سایر علوم باشد. آن روز استاد به آموخت که در اقتصاد نیز فرد به دنبال حداکثر کردن مطلوبیت و بنگاه به دنبال حداکثر کردن سود است. وقتی معادله برابری پسانداز با سرمایهگذاری را یاد گرفتم یاد فرمولهای شتاب در فیزیک می افتادم. بعدها هم یادگرفتیم که تولیدکنندگان عاقل تنها زمانی اقدام به فروش کالاهای خود میکنند که هزینه نهایی برابر با درآمد نهایی باشد درست همانطور که افراد وقتی جذب هم میشوند و در کنار هم قرار میگیرند که محصول نهایی باهم بودنشان متناسب با تلاششان و بهطور معکوس متناسب با مجذور فاصلهشان از هم باشد. منظورم شکلگیری چیزی است که بعدها فهمیدم اصطلاحا یک کنش جمعی است. در هیچکجای علم اقتصادی که آموختم صحبت از این نبود که موضوع علم اقتصاد با اعتقادات انسانی و سایر ویژگیهای این موجود عقلایی ارتباط دارد و درواقع، بازهم تکرار همان موضوع بود که هرآنچه در علم اقتصاد توصیف میشد درست همانند فیزیک و شیمی بود، مستقل از انسان. البته باید بگویم که استادان من در کارشان بینظیر بودند و این موضوع را خیلی خوب به من یاد داده بودند و هرگر تفاوت چندانی میان علوم طبیعی و اقتصاد قائل نبودم.
اما چندسال بعد و بعد از دوران کارشناسی ارشد و با فراگیر شدن اینترنت با واژه نهاد در علم اقتصاد و اقتصاد نهادگرایی آشنا شدم و درجایی خواندم که علم اقتصاد برخلاف فیزیک و شیمی با حقایق نهادی ارتباط دارد. حقایقی مانند پول، نرخهای بهره، ارز و بیکاری، شرکتها و تراز پرداختها. البته من بیشتر با همه این کلمات آشنا شده بودم، اما نمیدانسم که میتوان با عینک نهادی به آنها نگریست. حقایق نهادی در واقع قلب موضوع اقتصاد را شکل میدادند. پیشترها و شاید اولین تعریفی که از علم اقتصاد آموختم این بود که «اقتصاد علم تخصیص منابع کمیاب…» است. آن روزها نگفتند که این تعریف متعلق به لیونل رابینز است، چندسال هنگام گذر از جلو یک کتاب فروشی کتابی با عنوان تاریخ عقاید اقتصادی دیدم نوشته لیونل رابینز. اما به هر حال تعریف رابنز نشان از وجود یک ضوابط نهادی نامرئی داشت. در طول تمام سال های تحصیلم استادانم همیشه بر کمیابی و تخصیص تاکید کرده بودند: وقتی دو پسربچه به دنبال یک توپ می دوند، وقتی دو سگ بر سر استخوانی به هم میپرند و …؛ یعنی تخصیص منابع کمیاب. همیشه به ما گفته بودند که این موضوع اصلی علم اقتصاد است. اما پس از آشنایی با نهادگراها دیدم که نظران این است که مهم تر از تخصیص، شیوه تولید کالا و مکانیزم تخصیص است. به عبارت دیگر معتقد بودند که شیوه تولید و مکانیزم تخصیص کالا مسائل نهادی اقتصاد هستند. با توجه به مرکزیت نهادها و عوامل نهادی در اقتصاد برایم جالب بود که تا به آن زمان هر آن چه که درباره جریان غالب علم اقتصاد خوانده بودم، بحثی درباره نهادها نداشت.
علم اقتصاد و نهاد
۲۰۶ Responses to “علم اقتصاد و نهاد”
کتابهای من
ولی من دقیقا تجربه برعکسی داشتم. دقیقا. اکثرا اساتیدی که با آنها کلاس داشتم دقیق اصرار بر علوم اجتماعی بودن اقتصاد میکردند. یادم هست استادی داشتیم که روحانی بود و به ما درس تاریخ عقاید و فقه میداد به شدت اصرار بر علوم اجتماعی بودن علم اقتصاد داشت. حتی استادی که خرد ازش یاد گرفتیم حدود بیست صفحه اول جزوه خرد یک دوران کارشناسی امان پر بود از جهان بینی متفاوت و … حتی چند تعریف متفاوت از علم اقتصاد به ما ارائه کرد و ریشه هر کدام را گفت و … استاد اقتصاد ایران و توسعه ای داشتم که هر دو نهادگرا بودند. استاد سنجی ای داشتم که به شدت طرفدار اقتصاد دولتی بود و … استاد اقتصاد کلان و زبان تخصصی ای داشتم که اگر یک مقاله ای بهش نشان میدادیم که چند تا فرمول ریاضی و مدل و … داشت به ما میگفت این مقاله اصلا ایراد دارد باید بندازیدش دور و … (البته یادم هست مدتها به خاطر عقاید اقتصادی اش ممنوع التدریس بود و مثل اینکه حتی زندان هم رفته بود) استاد تجارت بین المللی داشتیم که طرفدار اقتصاد سوسیالیستی و اسلامی بود و …اتفاقا از همه طیف و همه نوع اساتید را تجربه کردم و تازه این تجربیات من معمولا با جبری به اسم انتخاب واحد و ساعات کاری همراه بود و الا اساتیدی از نوع دیگر هم بودند و … و بعدها که به اینترنت و … دست پیدا کردم با یک تناقض جدی روبرو شدم که چرا اینقدر اصرار بر ریاضی بودن علم اقتصاد وجود دارد در حالی که من حداقل طی هفت سال دانشگاه رفتن یاد گرفته بودم که همه چیز به انسان ها و دیدگاه ها یشان و نهاد و … ربط دارد؟؟؟
برای همین گاهی فکر میکنم که دانشگاهی که رفتم خیلی خیلی بهتر از این دانشگاه های دولتی هست.
من فکر میکنم اقتصاد دانان ایرانی و یا به عبارت دیگر اساتید فعلی اقتصاد ایران مخصوصا در دانشگاه های دولتی که با رانت نفتی استاد شدند و… دارند در حق علم اقتصاد به بهانه اینکه ما بهتر میفهمیم چون استاد دانشگاه فلان هستیم و … جفا میکنن
لطفا درباره نهاد گرایی بیشتر توضیح بدید چون من هم که سال اول ارشدم خیلی اقتصاد رو متفاوت از فیزیک و شیمی نمیبینم!!
سلام عبدالله
ببین قربونت
اگه شما در یک دانشکده علوم “انسانی” مثل علامه درس می خوندید و از اساتید “باسواد” اونجا بهره می بردید
احتمالا طور دیگه ای فکر میکردین:).
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Zune and iPod: Most people compare the Zune to the Touch, but after seeing how slim and surprisingly small and light it is, I consider it to be a rather unique hybrid that combines qualities of both the Touch and the Nano. It’s very colorful and lovely OLED screen is slightly smaller than the touch screen, but the player itself feels quite a bit smaller and lighter. It weighs about 2/3 as much, and is noticeably smaller in width and height, while being just a hair thicker.
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Zune and iPod: Most people compare the Zune to the Touch, but after seeing how slim and surprisingly small and light it is, I consider it to be a rather unique hybrid that combines qualities of both the Touch and the Nano. It’s very colorful and lovely OLED screen is slightly smaller than the touch screen, but the player itself feels quite a bit smaller and lighter. It weighs about 2/3 as much, and is noticeably smaller in width and height, while being just a hair thicker.
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Apple now has Rhapsody as an app, which is a great start, but it is currently hampered by the inability to store locally on your iPod, and has a dismal 64kbps bit rate. If this changes, then it will somewhat negate this advantage for the Zune, but the 10 songs per month will still be a big plus in Zune Pass’ favor.
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The new Zune browser is surprisingly good, but not as good as the iPod’s. It works well, but isn’t as fast as Safari, and has a clunkier interface. If you occasionally plan on using the web browser that’s not an issue, but if you’re planning to browse the web alot from your PMP then the iPod’s larger screen and better browser may be important.
If you’re still on the fence: grab your favorite earphones, head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you, and which interface makes you smile more. Then you’ll know which is right for you.
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If you’re still on the fence: grab your favorite earphones, head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you, and which interface makes you smile more. Then you’ll know which is right for you.
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I’ll gear this review to 2 types of people: current Zune owners who are considering an upgrade, and people trying to decide between a Zune and an iPod. (There are other players worth considering out there, like the Sony Walkman X, but I hope this gives you enough info to make an informed decision of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as well.)
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The Zune concentrates on being a Portable Media Player. Not a web browser. Not a game machine. Maybe in the future it’ll do even better in those areas, but for now it’s a fantastic way to organize and listen to your music and videos, and is without peer in that regard. The iPod’s strengths are its web browsing and apps. If those sound more compelling, perhaps it is your best choice.
This is getting a bit more subjective, but I much prefer the Zune Marketplace. The interface is colorful, has more flair, and some cool features like ‘Mixview’ that let you quickly see related albums, songs, or other users related to what you’re listening to. Clicking on one of those will center on that item, and another set of “neighbors” will come into view, allowing you to navigate around exploring by similar artists, songs, or users. Speaking of users, the Zune “Social” is also great fun, letting you find others with shared tastes and becoming friends with them. You then can listen to a playlist created based on an amalgamation of what all your friends are listening to, which is also enjoyable. Those concerned with privacy will be relieved to know you can prevent the public from seeing your personal listening habits if you so choose.
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Hands down, Apple’s app store wins by a mile. It’s a huge selection of all sorts of apps vs a rather sad selection of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has plans, especially in the realm of games, but I’m not sure I’d want to bet on the future if this aspect is important to you. The iPod is a much better choice in that case.
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If you’re still on the fence: grab your favorite earphones, head down to a Best Buy and ask to plug them into a Zune then an iPod and see which one sounds better to you, and which interface makes you smile more. Then you’ll know which is right for you.
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The Zune concentrates on being a Portable Media Player. Not a web browser. Not a game machine. Maybe in the future it’ll do even better in those areas, but for now it’s a fantastic way to organize and listen to your music and videos, and is without peer in that regard. The iPod’s strengths are its web browsing and apps. If those sound more compelling, perhaps it is your best choice.
Hands down, Apple’s app store wins by a mile. It’s a huge selection of all sorts of apps vs a rather sad selection of a handful for Zune. Microsoft has plans, especially in the realm of games, but I’m not sure I’d want to bet on the future if this aspect is important to you. The iPod is a much better choice in that case.
I’ll gear this review to 2 types of people: current Zune owners who are considering an upgrade, and people trying to decide between a Zune and an iPod. (There are other players worth considering out there, like the Sony Walkman X, but I hope this gives you enough info to make an informed decision of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as well.)
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Zune and iPod: Most people compare the Zune to the Touch, but after seeing how slim and surprisingly small and light it is, I consider it to be a rather unique hybrid that combines qualities of both the Touch and the Nano. It’s very colorful and lovely OLED screen is slightly smaller than the touch screen, but the player itself feels quite a bit smaller and lighter. It weighs about 2/3 as much, and is noticeably smaller in width and height, while being just a hair thicker.
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I’ll gear this review to 2 types of people: current Zune owners who are considering an upgrade, and people trying to decide between a Zune and an iPod. (There are other players worth considering out there, like the Sony Walkman X, but I hope this gives you enough info to make an informed decision of the Zune vs players other than the iPod line as well.)
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Zune and iPod: Most people compare the Zune to the Touch, but after seeing how slim and surprisingly small and light it is, I consider it to be a rather unique hybrid that combines qualities of both the Touch and the Nano. It’s very colorful and lovely OLED screen is slightly smaller than the touch screen, but the player itself feels quite a bit smaller and lighter. It weighs about 2/3 as much, and is noticeably smaller in width and height, while being just a hair thicker.